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2_link_kinematics [2018/09/20 19:16] – [Motivation and Audience] ntorresreyes2_link_kinematics [2018/09/25 22:09] – [Background and Theory] ntorresreyes
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 <!-- Add a representative photo of your tutorial below.  Make it centered in the page --> <!-- Add a representative photo of your tutorial below.  Make it centered in the page -->
  
-{{ torres:tutorials:2_link_tutorial_1.png?200 |}}+{{ torres:tutorials:2_link_tutorial_1.png?400 |}}
  
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 The rest of this tutorial is presented as follows: The rest of this tutorial is presented as follows:
 +  * Homogeneous Transformations
   * Background And Theory   * Background And Theory
   * Analytical Solution   * Analytical Solution
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 This section provides a short background of the problem and basic theory used. This section provides a short background of the problem and basic theory used.
 +\\
 +\\
 +** Homogeneous Transformations **
 +\\
 +\\
 +{{:torres:tutorials:2_link_tutorial_9.png?450|}}
 +\\
 +\\
 +In this case, we will only consider 2-dimensional homogeneous transformations. First, we must introduce homogeneous coordinates:
 +\\
 +\\
 +Vector v = [x y w]<sup>T</sup> , where scale factor w = 1
 +\\
 +\\
 +These coordinates are useful in applying rotations and translations and make transformations simpler than in Cartesian coordinates.
 +We can apply an elementary rotation about the z-axis (normal to the page) with matrix:
 +\\
 +\\
 +[R<sub>z</sub>] = [<sup>A</sup>x<sub>B</sub> <sup>A</sup>y<sub>B</sub> <sup>A</sup>z<sub>B</sub>]
 +\\
 +\\
 +Where <sup>A</sup>x,y,z<sub>B</sub> are the unit vectors along the x,y,z-axis of frame B w.r.t frame A. This results in:
 +\\
 +\\
 +{{:torres:tutorials:2_link_tutorial_10.png?300|}}
 +\\
 +\\
 +A translation vector **p** = p<sub>x</sub>i + p<sub>y</sub>j translates the origin of B from the origin of A. The given translation matrix **P** is given by:
 +\\
 +\\
 +{{:torres:tutorials:2_link_tutorial_11.png?200|}}
 +\\
 +\\
 +Next, the translation matrix can be multiplied by the rotation matrix to obtain the complete homogeneous transformation matrix:
 +\\
 +\\
 +{{:torres:tutorials:2_link_tutorial_12.png?nolink&300|}}
 +\\
 +\\
 +To obtain the coordinates for a given point **p** in frame B relative to frame A, the transformation matrix is multiplied by the vector of **p** in frame B. For example, in Matlab:
 +\\
 +\\
 +<code>
 +theta = 30*(pi/180);
 +Px = 2; Py = 3;
 +PframeB = [1; 4; 1];
 +T = [cos(theta) -sin(theta) Px; ...
 +     sin(theta)  cos(theta) Py; ...
 +     0 0 1];
 +
 +PframeA = T*PframeB
 +
 +PframeA = 
 +   0.8660
 +   6.9641
 +   1.0000
 +</code>
 +\\
 +\\
 +In the above example, frame B is translated in the (x,y) direction of frame A by (2,3) and rotated counter-clockwise by 30 degrees along the z-axis. The **p** vector in frame B has coordinates (1, 4) and the same vector in frame A has coordinates (0.8660, 6.9641).
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 ---- ----
 +<code>
 clear; clc; format compact;  clear; clc; format compact; 
  
-L1 = 1; \\+L1 = 1; 
 L2 = 1; L2 = 1;
  
-L(1) = Link([0 0 L1 0]); \\+L(1) = Link([0 0 L1 0]); 
 L(2) = Link([0 0 L2 0]); L(2) = Link([0 0 L2 0]);
  
-TwoLink_arm = SerialLink(L, 'name', '2Link Arm');+TwoLink_arm = SerialLink(L, 'name', '2Link Arm');  
 +</code>
 ---- ----
 The code above in Matlab creates a planar 2-link robotic arm class with arbitrary link lengths. From this, many functions can be used to do simulations and numerical analysis. For example, forward and inverse kinematics can be easily calculated. The code below translates the end-effector in the x-axis only and creates a transformation matrix. The 'ikine' function uses inverse kinematics to obtain the joint angles needed for the end-effector to achieve the desired position. The 'fkine' function takes in arbitrary joint angles and will return the position of the end-effector. The code above in Matlab creates a planar 2-link robotic arm class with arbitrary link lengths. From this, many functions can be used to do simulations and numerical analysis. For example, forward and inverse kinematics can be easily calculated. The code below translates the end-effector in the x-axis only and creates a transformation matrix. The 'ikine' function uses inverse kinematics to obtain the joint angles needed for the end-effector to achieve the desired position. The 'fkine' function takes in arbitrary joint angles and will return the position of the end-effector.
 \\ \\
 ---- ----
-T = transl(1,0,0) \\+<code> 
 +T = transl(1,0,0)
 T = T =
                  1                  1
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                  0                  0
                  1                  1
->> q = TwoLink_arm.ikine(T,'mask',[1 1 0 0 0 0],'q0',[1 0]) \\+>> q = TwoLink_arm.ikine(T,'mask',[1 1 0 0 0 0],'q0',[1 0]) 
 q = q =
     1.0472   -2.0944     1.0472   -2.0944
->> p = TwoLink_arm.fkine(q) \\+>> p = TwoLink_arm.fkine(q) 
  
 p =  p = 
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                                  0                                  0
                                  1                                  1
 +</code>
  
 \\ \\
2_link_kinematics.txt · Last modified: 2018/09/27 01:12 by ntorresreyes